Propaganda in leaflets of hetman’s forces during Anti-hetman uprising (november–december 1918)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2024.159.3
Keywords:
Anti-Hetman uprising, Ukrainian revolution, propaganda, information policy, leaflets, The Directorate of Ukrainian People's Republic, Pavlo SkoropadskyiAbstract
Background: The beginning of the Anti-Hetman uprising in November 1918 had become a serious challenge for the Ukrainian State and prompted it to rapidly take military and propagandistic measures to stop the spread of the revolt and finally crush it. One of the most important directions of propaganda at that time was leaflets, which were a useful instrument for spreading propaganda ideas and guidance to the masses. These leaflets could represent the political ideology of one side of the conflict, the image of the enemy, the causes of the conflict, and the urgent needs of that side. Therefore, in a relatively short period of the Anti-Hetman uprising in Kyiv, leaflets were issued by both the government and pro-Russian military structures that supported the Hetman’s government during the uprising. The examination of these leaflets provides the possibility to discover the ideology of the pro-Hetman forces, their vision of the future of Ukraine, and their urgent needs, as well as to understand public opinion at the time. The aim of the study is an analysis of the propaganda of the pro-Hetman forces during the Anti-Hetman Uprising using the methodology of H. Lasswell..
Results: During the research were established the existence of 11 leaflets issued by pro-Hetman forces during the Anti-Hetman Uprising, which can be classified into two major groups: state-oriented and Russian. Were analyzed the ideological messages expressed in the leaflets, were identified typical propaganda techniques used in the leaflets to influence human consciousness, also were examined through the prism of these leaflets the images of the enemy, image of the Ukrainian State, and image of Pavlo Skoropadsky.
Conclusions: Were discovered that two major groups mentioned before were very different as in methodology of organization of propaganda in leaflets, as in ideas mentioned in them. In particular, despite the Federation Charter of 14.11.1918, the state-oriented leaflets continued to maintain a Ukraine-centric stance, and most of them showed no visible Russophilic influence. Additionally, the personality cult of Pavlo Skoropadsky played a significant role in these leaflets. On the other hand, the Russian leaflets contained almost no mention of Ukraine or Pavlo Skoropadsky. It was also established that the Ukrainian State received support from Orthodox Church hierarchs through the issuance of relevant proclamations.
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